在港口的日常作业中，一直以来都是大型机械和流动机械相互配合，完成港口码头的日常运作，机械设备是港口经营活动中重要的基础设施，所以其运转是否良好直接关系到码头的正常运转。

大型起重重型设备装卸拖车——港口集装箱 Large Lifting Heavy Equipment Loading and Unloading Trailers – Port Containers

实拍港口集装箱的装卸过程，这场面可从来没见过！ The loading and unloading process of the port container is filmed, and this scene has never been seen before!

大量机械化作业给日常工作带来便利的同时，机械设备也成为了威胁作业人员生命安全的头号杀手。下面，我们一起来看看两起典型的港口作业机械伤害事故。
While a large number of mechanized operations have brought convenience to daily work, machinery and equipment have also become the number one killer that threatens the life safety of operators. Below, let’s take a look at two typical port operation machinery injury accidents.

一、典型事故案例回顾

 1. Review of typical accident cases

“1.20”外招施工单位人员工亡事故 

“1.20” external recruitment of construction units and employees fatalities

2019年1月19日，某公司干散货流程工程1#轨道梁延长线皮带机流程贯通返修伸缩机头结束，经Y公司试车运行正常，Y公司撤离了现场所有施工人员。1月20日，X公司外招施工单位4名职工到达干散货流程工程1#轨道梁延长线皮带机流程机房，在确认皮带流程无运转情况下，一名职工在现场做施工前准备工作，另外3人前往预制场下料，待下料回来后，进行现场收尾工作，留在现场的一名职工拖拽电焊机进入BC10A皮带机流程，被突然启动的BC10A流程转动的皮带卷入，挤伤致死。
On January 19, 2019, the 1# rail beam extension line belt conveyor process of a company’s dry bulk cargo process project was completed. On January 20th, 4 employees of the construction unit recruited by X company arrived at the dry bulk cargo process project 1# track beam extension belt conveyor process room, in the case of confirming that the belt process is not running, one employee did pre-construction preparations at the site, and the other 3 people went to the precast yard to cut the material, and after the blanking came back, the on-site finishing work was carried out, and a worker who stayed at the site dragged the welding machine into the BC10A belt conveyor process, and was involved in the belt that suddenly started the BC10A process and was crushed to death.

A港装卸公司“1.19”机械伤害事故 A port stevedoring company “1.19” mechanical injury accident

2014年1月19日10时05分，A港装卸公司在B公司集装箱场站进行镀锌管装箱作业时，发生一起作业人员不慎滑倒，头部被挤在下降的吊具和待挂镀锌管之间的机械伤害事故，造成一人死亡，直接经济损失60万元。
At 10:05 on January 19, 2014, when the loading and unloading company of Port A was packing galvanized pipes at the container station of Company B, a mechanical injury accident occurred when an operator accidentally slipped and his head was squeezed between the descending spreader and the galvanized pipe to be hung, resulting in one death and a direct economic loss of 600,000 yuan.

在港口码头作业过程中，机械伤害一直高居港口作业伤害事故的前列，那么在港口作业时，机械伤害从何而来？
In the process of port terminal operation, mechanical injuries have always been at the forefront of port operation injury accidents, so where do mechanical injuries come from during port operations?

二、机械伤害发生原因 2. Causes of mechanical injuries

港口作业所使用的起重设备、皮带输送机、装载机、叉车等机械的转动和传动部位，如电机、靠背轮、大车齿轮、钢丝绳及卷筒以及制动器、夹轨钳等，在进行操作或维修时，如防护不当容易受到割、刺、绞、碾、压等机械伤害。
The rotation and transmission parts of lifting equipment, belt conveyors, loaders, forklifts and other machinery used in port operations, such as motors, backrest wheels, cart gears, wire ropes and reels, brakes, rail clamps, etc., are susceptible to mechanical injuries such as cutting, stabbing, twisting, crushing, and pressing when operating or maintaining.

1、机械重心偏移导致的结构失稳，如装载机、叉车等在运输货物时，货物未有效固定，发生位移导致重心位置改变，失去稳性，发生倾覆，导致人员伤害。
1. Structural instability caused by the deviation of the mechanical center of gravity, such as loaders, forklifts, etc., when transporting goods, the goods are not effectively fixed, and the displacement leads to the change of the position of the center of gravity, loss of stability, overturning, resulting in personnel injury.

2、货物重量超出结构使用强度，导致结构断裂。在货物装卸时，部分货物超过机械设备所能承受的最大重量，长此以往，加速设备的老化；或未重视机械设备检修，致使机械设备损坏、故障导致伤害事故的发生。
2. The weight of the goods exceeds the strength of the structure, resulting in the fracture of the structure. When loading and unloading goods, some goods exceed the maximum weight that machinery and equipment can bear, and in the long run, accelerate the aging of equipment; or failure to pay attention to the maintenance of machinery and equipment, resulting in damage and failure of machinery and equipment, resulting in injury accidents.

3、天气恶劣引起港机风振，导致机械剧烈振动，乃至倾覆，导致伤害事故，造成巨大经济损失。
3. Bad weather causes wind vibration of the port machinery, resulting in violent mechanical vibration and even overturning, resulting in injury accidents and huge economic losses.

4、调度失误，机械操作员之间缺乏及时有效的沟通。港口大大小小机械装卸工作都是团队协作，一旦调度出现失误，操作员之间无法及时沟通，协调，双方各执观念，导致装卸、运输失调，酿成大祸。
4. Scheduling errors, lack of timely and effective communication between mechanical operators. Once there is a mistake in scheduling, the operators can not communicate and coordinate in time, and the two sides have their own ideas, resulting in loading and unloading, transportation disorders, resulting in a catastrophe.

5、忽视细小零部件的磨损，失效，由量及质，发生重大事故。在日常机械设备维修、保养时，不注重细节，导致细小零部件磨损严重、失效，如皮带机皮带磨损严重断裂伤人、齿轮崩裂伤人等。
5. Ignore the wear and tear of small parts, failure, and major accidents occur from quantity and quality. In the daily repair and maintenance of mechanical equipment, do not pay attention to details, resulting in serious wear and failure of small parts, such as belt worn, serious fracture and injury of belt conveyor, gear cracking and injury.

6、人员误操作或违章操作，如违规跨越运行设备（皮带机、齿轮等）、违章擦拭运转部位、违章操作职责范围外的设备、在未办理停电手续或悬挂警示标牌的情况下违章进入运行设备内检维修、盲目启动设备、违章指挥员工冒险作业、误入机械危险区域（运行的皮带机下、装载机转弯半径等）。
6. Personnel misoperation or illegal operation, such as illegal crossing of running equipment (belt conveyor, gear, etc.), illegal wiping of running parts, illegal operation of equipment outside the scope of responsibility, illegal entry into the internal inspection and maintenance of operating equipment without going through power failure procedures or hanging warning signs, blind starting of equipment, illegal command of employees to take risks, and mistakenly entering mechanical dangerous areas (under the running belt conveyor, loader turning radius, etc.).

7、安全管理缺陷，如安全生产责任落实不到位、员工安全教育培训不足、岗位危险因素辨识不充分、防护措施未落实等导致机械伤害事故。
7. Safety management defects, such as insufficient implementation of safety production responsibilities, insufficient employee safety education and training, insufficient identification of post risk factors, and failure to implement protective measures, resulting in mechanical injury accidents.

三、机械伤害防范措施 3. Mechanical injury prevention measures

机械设备的安全使用，关系到企业员工的生命和财产安全，关系到企业生产经营的稳步推进。那么，预防机械伤害事故，应从如下做起。
The safe use of machinery and equipment is related to the safety of the lives and property of the employees of the enterprise, and the steady progress of the production and operation of the enterprise. Therefore, to prevent mechanical injury accidents, we should start from the following.

1、制定完善的港口机械质量管理体系，高度重视设备的使用、维护及保养，做好其日常运行、技术维修、保养等工作，杜绝机械偶然危险。
1. Formulate a sound port machinery quality management system, attach great importance to the use, maintenance and maintenance of equipment, do a good job in its daily operation, technical repair and maintenance, and eliminate accidental dangers of machinery.

7、保持作业环境良好，同时作业人员应注意作息时间，充分休息，保持良好的状态。
7. Keep the working environment in good condition, and at the same time, the operators should pay attention to the work and rest time, take sufficient rest, and maintain a good state.

四、一起煤粉秤故障处理不当导致爆燃事故分析 Fourth, an analysis of a deflagration accident caused by improper handling of pulverized coal scale

（一）、事故经过： (1) Accident history:

2005年2月17日晚20:02，XX公司回转窑窑头输送煤粉的科里奥利秤跳闸，有关人员立刻到现场查看并进行处理。现场经过反复盘动煤粉秤给料机，给料机的转子只是在小范围内转动，一直到2月18日凌晨1点，科里奥利秤一直没有处理好。现场技术人员判定秤内有大的异物将煤粉秤卡死，请示制造部领导研究后，决定先将煤粉仓内煤粉放出，然后拆开科里奥利秤取出异物。当时中控显示煤粉仓的温度为32℃，煤粉重量为32吨。从凌晨1点到4点半相关人员一直在做准备工作，先在煤粉仓下接一溜槽，然后关闭煤粉仓下手动闸板(手动闸板坏，无法关闭)，准备把煤粉输送到封闭的煤磨房外面，用立磨排渣围好。4:35 开始从煤粉仓向煤磨房外放煤粉，开始煤粉下料量很小，约5点左右因调整煤粉仓锥体风，致使煤粉放出量突然加大，在封闭的煤磨房内产生大量煤粉粉尘，引起煤粉爆燃，引发此次事故。在场作业的三名员工当场烧伤，幸好躲避及时，才没有发生更严重的后果。事后发现一个螺旋输送机轴穿钉卡在煤粉秤给料机内，是造成科里奥利秤煤粉止料并跳闸的起因。
At 20:02 on the evening of February 17, 2005, the Coriolis scale of the rotary kiln head of XX company to transport pulverized coal tripped and the relevant personnel immediately went to the scene to check and deal with it. After repeatedly circulating the pulverized coal scale feeder at the scene, the rotor of the feeder only rotated in a small area, and until 1 a.m. on February 18, the Coriolis scale was not properly handled. The on-site technician determined that there was a large foreign body in the scale to get the pulverized coal scale stuck, and after consulting the leaders of the manufacturing department, it was decided to release the pulverized coal in the pulverized coal silo first, and then disassemble the Coriolis scale to remove the foreign matter. At that time, the central control showed that the temperature of the pulverized coal silo was 32°C and the weight of the pulverized coal was 32 tons. From 1 o’clock in the morning to 4:30 o’clock in the morning, the relevant personnel have been making preparations, first connecting a chute under the pulverized coal silo, and then closing the manual ram under the pulverized coal silo (the manual ram is broken and cannot be closed), preparing to transport the pulverized coal to the outside of the closed coal mill, and surround it with vertical mill slag discharge. At about 5 o’clock, due to the adjustment of the cone wind of the pulverized coal silo, the amount of pulverized coal released suddenly increased, and a large amount of pulverized coal dust was produced in the closed coal mill, causing the deflagration of pulverized coal, which caused the accident. The three employees who were working on the scene were burned on the spot, but fortunately, they avoided it in time and did not have more serious consequences. Later, it was found that a screw conveyor shaft was stuck in the pulverized coal scale feeder, which was the cause of the Coriolis scale pulverized coal stopped and tripped.

事故造成两台煤粉科里奥利秤，煤磨液压站两台控制柜，整个煤磨系统电缆，四条200米光纤损坏或报废，当场烧伤三名员工，生产被迫提前进入大修。
The accident caused two pulverized Coriolis scales, two control cabinets of the coal mill hydraulic station, the entire coal mill system cable, and four 200-meter optical fibers to be damaged or scrapped, burning three employees on the spot, and production was forced to enter the overhaul ahead of schedule.

停机时间及经济损失：此设备事故造成回转窑停机达一个月余，直接经济损失130.29万元。
Downtime and economic losses: This equipment accident caused the rotary kiln to shut down for more than a month, and the direct economic loss was 1.3029 million yuan.

（二）、事故主要原因： (2) The main causes of the accident:

1.现场工作人员经验不足，安全意识不强，操作措施不当，造成火灾事故，是此次事故的主要原因。
1. The lack of experience of on-site staff, weak safety awareness, and improper operation measures caused the fire accident, which is the main cause of the accident.

窑头煤粉科里奥利秤被煤磨袋收尘下螺旋输送机轴穿钉卡住后，造成煤粉秤跳停。而煤粉仓下检修闸板关闭不严，只能将煤粉仓内煤粉放空后才能处理卡在煤粉秤喂料机里的异物。现场工作人员在明知闸板关不上的情况下，没有意识到放煤粉作业存在的危险性，没有采取必要的安全措施。在操作放煤的过程中，由于现场相关人员经验不足，强行操作锥体风，造成风量过大，煤粉仓内的煤粉瞬间由32吨降到16吨，煤粉放出量过大造成煤磨房内煤粉粉尘含量高，导致爆燃。事后分析，起火原因是在煤粉仓内中死角煤粉自燃，形成碳火，在煤粉放出瞬间引燃煤粉。
The pulverized coal coriolis scale at the kiln head is stuck by the screw conveyor shaft under the coal mill bag dust collection, causing the pulverized coal scale to jump and stop. However, the maintenance ram under the pulverized coal silo is not closed strictly, and the foreign matter stuck in the pulverized coal weigher feeder can only be dealt with after the pulverized coal silo is emptied. The on-site staff did not realize the danger of pulverizing coal and did not take necessary safety measures when they knew that the ram could not be closed. In the process of operating coal discharge, due to the lack of experience of relevant personnel on site, the cone air is forcibly operated, resulting in excessive air volume, and the pulverized coal in the pulverized coal silo instantly drops from 32 tons to 16 tons, and the excessive amount of pulverized coal released causes the high content of pulverized coal dust in the coal mill, resulting in deflagration. According to the post-mortem analysis, the cause of the fire was the spontaneous combustion of pulverized coal in the dead corner of the pulverized coal bunker, forming a carbon fire, which ignited the pulverized coal at the moment of the pulverized coal release.

2.设备检查、检修不到位，是导致此次事故的诱发原因。
2. The equipment inspection and maintenance are not in place, which is the cause of the accident.

(1)煤粉仓与煤粉秤之间的手动闸板早已损坏失效，造成闸板关闭不严。发生此类故障，只能将煤粉仓内煤粉全部放出后才能处理煤粉秤。
(1) The manual ram between the pulverized coal silo and the pulverized coal scale has long been damaged and failed, resulting in the ram not being closed tightly. In the event of such a failure, the pulverized coal scale can only be disposed of after all the pulverized coal in the pulverized coal silo is released.

(2)煤磨袋收尘下长螺旋绞刀中间有穿钉螺丝，是此次事故的起因。现场察看，螺钉是由于螺帽逐渐松脱后被煤粉带入喂料机的，按照规程此螺栓在固定后应当采用铆，焊或其他止松的措施。
(2) There are nailing screws in the middle of the long spiral reamer under the coal grinding bag dust collection, which is the cause of the accident. On-site inspection, the screw is due to the nut gradually loosened by the pulverized coal into the feeder, according to the regulations the bolt should be riveted, welded or other anti-loosening measures after fixing.

（三）、事故教训及今后的防范措施： (3) Lessons from the accident and future preventive measures:

1.对煤磨车间煤粉作业，必须有高度的安全防范意识，并应制定排放煤粉安全措施，配套安全应急预案。
1. For the pulverized coal operation in the coal mill workshop, there must be a high degree of safety awareness, and safety measures for the discharge of pulverized coal should be formulated, and the safety emergency plan should be provided.

2.加强设备巡检，对煤粉流程中可能松脱的活动器件要及时采取措施。
2. Strengthen equipment inspection, and take timely measures for the active devices that may be loose in the pulverized coal process.

3.恢复煤粉仓下手动闸板开关功能，确保使用灵活可靠。
3. Restore the manual ram switch function under the pulverized coal silo to ensure flexible and reliable use.

4.煤粉车间是易燃易爆场所，要保持车间整洁，不积存煤粉以及阻燃阻爆措施要得当。
4. The pulverized coal workshop is a flammable and explosive place, so it is necessary to keep the workshop clean and tidy, not to accumulate pulverized coal and to take appropriate flame retardant and explosion retardant measures.

5.开展加强安全教育，提高安全意识，排查安全隐患活动，杜绝此类事故再次发生。
5. Carry out activities to strengthen safety education, improve safety awareness, investigate potential safety hazards, and prevent the recurrence of such accidents.

6.认真查找自身设备，操作和安全方面存在的问题和不足，尽快制定易燃易爆，热工，高压电气等安全措施，配套相应的安全应急预案，防患于未然。
6. Carefully find out the problems and deficiencies in their own equipment, operation and safety, formulate safety measures such as flammable and explosive, thermal, high-voltage electrical and other safety measures as soon as possible, and support the corresponding safety emergency plans to prevent problems before they occur.

附事故后现场照片： Attached are photos of the scene after the accident:

谢谢阅读